Benchmark Confidence & Contamination Flags
Not all benchmark scores are equally trustworthy. BenchLM now separates verified ranking from provisionalranking while still tracking the provenance of every stored score. The confidence indicator (1-4 dots) shows how much sourced benchmark coverage supports each model's score.
7+ categories, 20+ non-generated benchmarks
5+ categories, 12+ non-generated benchmarks
3+ categories, 8+ non-generated benchmarks
Limited sourced data, score is estimated
Confidence Distribution (Ranked Models)
7
High (6%)
12
Good (10%)
16
Moderate (13%)
84
Low / Estimated (71%)
How BenchLM Scores Work
Verified, provisional, and generated
Each benchmark value is tagged as manual (a hand-entered public row) or generated (inferred from related models). Generated rows are excluded from all public ranking logic. Manual rows are now split again into sourced rows for the verified leaderboard and source-unverified rows that can still appear in provisional mode.
Ranking Eligibility
A model must have at least 8 qualifying benchmarks across 2+ categories to rank in a lane. The provisional leaderboard uses rankable non-generated rows; the verified leaderboard uses sourced rows only. Models below the threshold are shown as tracked but unranked.
Category Eligibility
For category leaderboards, a model needs qualifying scores on at least half of the weighted benchmarks in that category. BenchLM computes this separately for provisional and verified ranking so sparse exact-source coverage cannot silently borrow strength from provisional rows.
Display-Only Benchmarks
Some benchmarks (MMLU, BBH, HumanEval, older AIME/HMMT variants) are shown for context but don't affect scoring. These are either saturated (top models all score 97%+) or have been superseded by harder versions.
| Model | Confidence | Prov. score |
|---|---|---|
| Claude Opus 4.5 Anthropic | ●●●●High | 76 |
| Kimi K2.5 Moonshot AI | ●●●●High | 64 |
| Qwen3.6 Plus Alibaba | ●●●●High | 73 |
| Qwen3.5 397B Alibaba | ●●●●High | 63 |
| GLM-5 Z.AI | ●●●●High | 67 |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic | ●●●●High | 87 |
| GPT-5.4 OpenAI | ●●●●High | 89 |
| Qwen3.7 Max Alibaba | ●●●○Good | 91 |
| GPT-5.5 OpenAI | ●●●○Good | 91 |
| Gemini 3.5 Flash | ●●●○Good | 87 |
| Claude Opus 4.7 (Adaptive) Anthropic | ●●●○Good | 85 |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro | ●●●○Good | 92 |
| GLM-5.1 Z.AI | ●●●○Good | 82 |
| Grok 4.20 xAI | ●●●○Good | 72 |
| Claude Mythos Preview Anthropic | ●●●○Good | 99 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 Anthropic | ●●●○Good | 83 |
| Qwen3.5-122B-A10B Alibaba | ●●●○Good | 64 |
| Qwen3.5-27B Alibaba | ●●●○Good | 62 |
| Qwen3.5-35B-A3B Alibaba | ●●●○Good | 56 |
| Qwen3.6-35B-A3B Alibaba | ●●○○Moderate | 66 |
| Qwen3.6-27B Alibaba | ●●○○Moderate | 73 |
| Kimi K2.6 Moonshot AI | ●●○○Moderate | 84 |
| DeepSeek V4 Pro (Max) DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 87 |
| DeepSeek V4 Pro (High) DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 83 |
| DeepSeek V4 Flash (Max) DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 75 |
| DeepSeek V4 Flash (High) DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 71 |
| Claude Opus 4.8 Anthropic | ●●○○Moderate | 95 |
| DeepSeek V4 Pro DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 69 |
| DeepSeek V4 Flash DeepSeek | ●●○○Moderate | 57 |
| MiniMax M2.7 MiniMax | ●●○○Moderate | 54 |
| MiniMax M3 MiniMax | ●●○○Moderate | 76 |
| GPT-5.2 OpenAI | ●●○○Moderate | 79 |
| GPT-5.4 Pro OpenAI | ●●○○Moderate | 91 |
| Gemini 3 Pro | ●●○○Moderate | 81 |
| Kimi K2.5 (Reasoning) Moonshot AI | ●●○○Moderate | 76 |
| MiniCPM5-1B OpenBMB | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~34 |
| GLM-4.7 Z.AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~68 |
| GPT-5.3 Codex OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~86 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~65 |
| o3-mini OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~55 |
| DeepSeek V3.2 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~57 |
| GPT-4.1 OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~57 |
| GPT-4.1 mini OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~45 |
| Qwen3 235B 2507 Alibaba | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~32 |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~64 |
| o1 OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~57 |
| GPT-4.1 nano OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~27 |
| Gemini 3 Flash | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~56 |
| Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~48 |
| Gemini 3 Pro Deep Think | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~90 |
| GLM-5 (Reasoning) Z.AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~80 |
| GPT-5.1 OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~78 |
| GPT-5 (high) OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~77 |
| GPT-5.2-Codex OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~76 |
| GPT-5.1-Codex-Max OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~75 |
| Grok 4 xAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~63 |
| DeepSeek V3.2 (Thinking) DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~61 |
| MiMo-V2-Flash Xiaomi | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~59 |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~56 |
| Claude 4.1 Opus Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~51 |
| Claude 4 Sonnet Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~50 |
| Nemotron 3 Super 100B NVIDIA | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~43 |
| GPT-OSS 120B OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~34 |
| GPT-OSS 20B OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~17 |
| Grok 4.1 xAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~90 |
| o1-preview OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~83 |
| Qwen3.5 397B (Reasoning) Alibaba | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~78 |
| GPT-5 (medium) OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~70 |
| Grok 4.1 Fast xAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~69 |
| o3 OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~57 |
| o3-pro OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~57 |
| DeepSeek LLM 2.0 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~51 |
| DeepSeek Coder 2.0 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~51 |
| Qwen2.5-1M Alibaba | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~51 |
| DeepSeekMath V2 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~50 |
| Mistral Large 3 Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~49 |
| GPT-4o mini OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~49 |
| Qwen2.5-72B Alibaba | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~49 |
| Qwen3 235B 2507 (Reasoning) Alibaba | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~46 |
| o4-mini (high) OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~44 |
| Claude 4.1 Opus Thinking Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~43 |
| GPT-4o OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~42 |
| Llama 3.1 405B Meta | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~41 |
| Kimi K2 Moonshot AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~41 |
| Claude 3.5 Sonnet Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~40 |
| Grok Code Fast 1 xAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~39 |
| Sarvam 105B Sarvam | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~39 |
| Mistral Large 2 Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~38 |
| Gemini 2.5 Flash | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~37 |
| DeepSeek V3 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~35 |
| Gemini 1.5 Pro | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~35 |
| Claude 3 Opus Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~34 |
| DeepSeek-R1 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~33 |
| DBRX Instruct Databricks | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~32 |
| Grok 3 [Beta] xAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~31 |
| DeepSeek V3.1 (Reasoning) DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~29 |
| o1-pro OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~29 |
| Phi-4 Microsoft | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~28 |
| GLM-4.5 Z.AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~26 |
| Llama 3 70B Meta | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~26 |
| DeepSeek V3.1 DeepSeek | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~25 |
| Nemotron 3 Nano 30B NVIDIA | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~25 |
| GPT-4 Turbo OpenAI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~25 |
| Z-1 Z | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~24 |
| Mistral 8x7B Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~24 |
| Gemini 1.0 Pro | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~24 |
| Moonshot v1 Moonshot AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~23 |
| Claude 3 Haiku Anthropic | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~23 |
| Llama 4 Scout Meta | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~22 |
| Mixtral 8x22B Instruct v0.1 Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~22 |
| Nemotron-4 15B NVIDIA | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~22 |
| Nemotron Ultra 253B NVIDIA | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~22 |
| GLM-4.5-Air Z.AI | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~19 |
| Gemma 3 27B | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~17 |
| Llama 4 Maverick Meta | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~17 |
| Llama 4 Behemoth Meta | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~12 |
| Nova Pro Amazon | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~10 |
| Mistral 7B v0.3 Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~4 |
| Mistral 8x7B v0.2 Mistral | ●○○○Low / Estimated | ~1 |
Sourced = exact-source benchmark coverage. Rankable = non-generated benchmark coverage used by the provisional leaderboard. Generated = inferred from related models and excluded from ranking. Coverage = sourced share of the visible benchmark footprint.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is benchmark confidence on BenchLM?
Score confidence (1-4 dots) indicates how much sourced benchmark data supports a model's score. A 4-dot score is backed by 20+ sourced benchmark rows across 7+ categories. A 1-dot score relies on limited sourced coverage, and the provisional leaderboard may still include source-unverified non-generated rows. The confidence system helps you distinguish between well-tested models and those with sparse coverage.
What does "estimated" mean on BenchLM scores?
Scores marked with "Est." or "~" are derived from limited sourced data. Generated rows are excluded from ranking inputs, but the provisional leaderboard may still rely on source-unverified non-generated public rows until exact citations are attached. The verified leaderboard avoids that by using sourced rows only.
How does BenchLM detect contamination risk?
BenchLM tracks two key signals: (1) benchmark provenance — whether each score is a hand-entered public row ("manual") or was generated/inferred from related data, and (2) benchmark freshness — older benchmarks that haven't been updated are more likely to have been contaminated through training data inclusion. Models with mostly generated data or stale benchmarks receive lower confidence ratings. Exact-source verification is tracked separately from this manual-vs-generated split.
What is benchmark provenance?
Provenance tracks the origin of each benchmark score. "Manual" scores are hand-entered public rows from BenchLM's dataset work. "Generated" scores were inferred from related models or interpolated. BenchLM now distinguishes provisional ranking, which can use non-generated manual rows, from verified ranking, which only uses exact-source-attached rows.
Which LLM benchmarks are most reliable?
Fresh, held-out benchmarks like SWE-Rebench (rolling window), Terminal-Bench 2.0, and HLE are the hardest to game. Older, saturated benchmarks like MMLU (where top models all score 97-99%) provide little signal. BenchLM weights newer, harder benchmarks more heavily and flags saturated ones as display-only.
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